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<h3 id="什么是语法"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#什么是语法"></a> 什么是语法</h3>
<p>语法指各个语言单位的构成，结构、性质、类别、以及不同层次之间的关系和发展的客观规则。</p>
<h2 id="日语的语言单位"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#日语的语言单位"></a> 日语的语言单位</h2>
<h3 id="词"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#词"></a> 词</h3>
<p>词是最基本的语言单位之一，从意义和功能上考虑，主要分为两大类：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>内容词（自立語）</strong>：具有明确词汇意义，内容实在的词。</li>
<li><strong>功能词（付属語)</strong>：主要或完全表示语法功能的词。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>内容词（自立語)</strong>,又可划分为：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>名词（名詞）</strong>：表示人、事物、概念等名称的词：如先生、恋人、精神（せいしん）等。</li>
<li><strong>代名词（代名词）</strong>:指代名词的词，是名词的抽象和概括，具体所指只有在具体语境中才能确认,如：わたくし、彼女（かのじょ）、それ、あそこ等。</li>
<li><strong>数词（数詞）</strong>：表示数目、数量、<strong>顺序</strong>等概念的词。如：12、306、5万円等。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>以上三类词，总称为体言</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><strong>动词（動詞）</strong>：用来叙述动作、作用、变化、存在等的词：如：帰る、する、なる等。</li>
<li><strong>形容词（形容詞)</strong>：用来描述性质、状态、感情、感觉等的词，且以“い”为词尾的词。如：優しい、暖かい、嬉しい等。</li>
<li><strong>形容动词（形容動詞）</strong>：也是用来描述性质、状态、感情、感觉等的词，一般以其词干为基本形。如：偉大、清らか、上手、静か等。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>以上三类词总称为用言</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><strong>连体词</strong>：连接并以用来修饰、限定体言、只能构成定语的词。如：この、ほんの、あらゆる、いわゆる等。</li>
</ul>
<p>参考：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_29315627/article/details/73435509">日语语法（六）：连体词</a></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>副词</strong>：从状态、程度等方面对用言进行修饰、限定的词，或对陈述语气进行先导的词，如のんびり、ゆっくり、かなり等。</li>
</ul>
<p>参考：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_29315627/article/details/73433936">日语语法（五）：副词</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>以上两类词的基本功能在于构成修饰成分</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>修饰成分统指修饰或限制名词、动词或形容词的成分。分为定语、状语两种。…“修饰动词或者形容词的成分是状语”。定语常用形容词、数量词（物量）、名词、代词充当 .</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><strong>接续词</strong>：介于词、词组、分句、句子等之间，把它们连接起来并表明其间关系的词。从意义上看，可表示，顺接，逆接，并列，累加、转换话题等。如：したがって、じかし等。（主要就是连接两个相对独立的成分，表达他们之间的关系）</li>
<li><strong>感叹词</strong>：表示感叹、呼唤、应答等的词，常位于句首或独立成句。如：あら、ほら等。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>以上两类词的共同特点是都可以在句中构成独立成分</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>功能词（付属語)</strong>，可分为以下两类：</p>
<ul>
<li>助词：没有或很少有词汇意义，以接在内容词后起语法作用为职能的词。如：が、や、けれども、は、ばかり、よ等。</li>
<li>助动词：也没有词汇意义，接在内容词后起语法作用，主要用于句末增添语法意义，且有词形变化。如ます、れる、た、らしい等。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>日语助动词是附属词的一种，不能单独使用，它主要附在用言的后面，也可以接在体言、助词、助动词后面，起各种语法作用，有词尾变化。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="词组"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#词组"></a> 词组</h3>
<p>词组（連語）是由词构成的在句子起词的作用且大于词的语言单位。需要由两个或两个以上的内容词，通过一定语法手段组合起来。词义比词更完善。</p>
<h3 id="句素"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#句素"></a> 句素</h3>
<p>日语将句子分解得出的多是“内容词+功能词”的语言单位。其中内容词表示意义概念，功能词表示该内容词在句中的地位。例如：</p>
<p>明日｜10時に｜私は｜西安から｜彼女に｜電話を｜かける。</p>
<p>分解后的七个部分，其中五个都为“内容词+功能词”的形式。</p>
<p>句素（文素）是直接构成句子的要素，它既还有表示内容、意义、概念的部分，也还有反映它在句中地位，表明它与其他词关系的部分。前者由内容词构成，后者除用功能词外，还可以借助于内容词的形态变化（如上例中的“かける”）。由单词构成的句素叫简单句素，由词组构成的句素称为扩展句素。</p>
<h3 id="句子"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#句子"></a> 句子</h3>
<p>句子（文）也是最基本的语言单位之一。作为一个句子，至少应具备以下几个特征：</p>
<ol>
<li>内容上，相对完整地表达说话人的思想、感情。</li>
<li>形式上，其前后有所停顿，表示它的相对独立性。</li>
<li>功能上，能完成一个相对简单的交际功能。</li>
<li>结构上，具有一定的结构形式。</li>
</ol>
<p>在句法研究中，句子是最大的语言单位，句素是其下位单位。</p>
<h3 id="语段"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#语段"></a> 语段</h3>
<p>语段（連文）是大于句子的语言单位，是篇章的直接构成要素。语段由内容相关的大于1个的句子组合而成，表达较完整的思想和感情。</p>
<p>语段是篇章法研究的基本单位。</p>
<h3 id="篇章"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#篇章"></a> 篇章</h3>
<p>篇章（談話·文章），包括口头发表的话语，也包括书面写出的文章。作为一个篇章，至少有以下几个特征：</p>
<ol>
<li>有独立的内容，有明确的主题</li>
<li>形式上可以独立存在。</li>
<li>可完成一个交际功能、</li>
<li>由一个或几个结构关联的语段构成。</li>
</ol>
<p>篇章是篇章法研究的最大语言单位，也是语法研究的最大语言单位。</p>
<h2 id="日语的语法特征"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#日语的语法特征"></a> 日语的语法特征</h2>
<p>日语属于语言类型中的粘着语</p>
<h3 id="粘着"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#粘着"></a> 粘着</h3>
<p>一般地说，日语的内容词不能直接入句，只有其后粘附上功能词，才能进入句子。其内容词在句子中的地位，与句中其他词的关系，都是由其后的功能词表示的。</p>
<h3 id="活用与粘着"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#活用与粘着"></a> 活用与粘着</h3>
<p>日语的动词、形容词、形容动词和助动词是有词形变化的，但其本身并不都能辨识语法意义，有许多词形变化，是为了粘附某些功能词而发生的。</p>
<p>例如动词、形容词、形容动词和助动词在借助表假定条件的接续助词“ば”的时候，都必须先变成假定形，才能与“ば”相接。</p>
<h3 id="语序"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#语序"></a> 语序</h3>
<p>语序指一个句子里各个成分的顺序。在正常情况下日语句子的谓语总是处于句子的最后；定语，状语总是处在被修饰的词语之前。相对灵活的一面是，由于功能词可以明确标志处主语、宾语、补语等句子成分，因此成分的顺序并非严格地不能变动</p>
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